基于稳健统计的土壤环境背景值研究及应用

使用稳健统计方法中的位置估计量和尺度估计量对我国某受到人为干扰的地下水水源地C层土壤重金属的背景值进行了研究.结果表明,稳健统计方法对样本中的异常值有较高的耐抗性,计算结果与常规方法相近,因而适用于某些人为干扰地区的土壤环境背景值研究.对该水源地背景值的计算表明,该地区C层土壤Cu,Pb,Cd,Cr,As和Hg的背景值中心分别为21.2,32.5,0.103,60.3,11.0和0.012 mg/kg,其中w(Pb),w(Cd)和w(As)高于山东省平均值. 6种重金属的阈值分别为29.0,43.7,0.143,93.5,21.0和0.080 mg/kg,均小于全国平均上限值,但其中Pb,Cr,As的阈值高于土壤环境质量一级标准. 基于该地区背景值的污染累积指数评价表明,该地区主要重金属污染物为Pb和Hg,主要污染区为污水沟渠周边,污染深度为1～3 m.      

厦门湾海域表层沉积物重金属和多环芳烃污染特征及生态风险评价

研究了厦门湾海域表层沉积物中Cu,Pb,Zn,Cr,Cd,Hg和As和16种多环芳烃的分布、来源及潜在的生态风险.结果表明:(1)Cu,Pb和As平均含量均介于效应浓度区间低值(ERL)和效应浓度区间中值(ERM)之间,而大多数站位Zn,Cr,Cd和Hg平均含量则低于ERL值;(2)沉积物多环芳烃(PAHs)以石油或油料燃烧来源为主,PAHs的总量远低于ERL值(4000μg·kg~(-1));(3)重金属与低环PAHs相关性显著,易发生交互作用;(4)利用沉积物平均效应区间中值商法(mERM-Q)进行沉积物生态风险评价发现,筼笃湖表层沉积物对海洋底栖生物可能存在较强的生物毒性风险.     

煤矸石中铅、铬、镉的溶出性能

以滕南煤田某煤矿风化煤矸石为研究对象,应用主成分分析法分析了煤矸石粒径对Pb,Cr,Cd溶出浓度的影响,应用回归分析法分析了浸溶时间与Pb,Cr,Cd溶出浓度的关系特征。实验结果表明：模拟湿地浸溶条件下,煤矸石中Pb,Cd,Cr溶出浓度均超出或接近Ⅲ类水体水质标准,对水环境存在污染风险;煤矸石粒径对Pb,Cd,Cr溶出浓度存在影响,粒径越小则Pb、Cr、Cd溶出浓度越大,粒径小于8.0 cm的煤矸石浸溶贡献较大。建立了表征Pb,Cr,Cd溶出浓度与浸溶时间对数（以10为底）关系的一元三次多项式回归方程,经检验均具有显著性。     

4种重金属污染对稻田土反硝化细菌的影响

在实验室条件下,研究Cd²⁺、As⁵⁺、Cu²⁺和Pb²⁺处理黄松稻田土、紫色稻田土和红壤稻田土后,4周内重金属污染对反硝化细菌种群数量及其反硝化活性的影响.结果表明,在1kg干土中加入0.5mg Cd²⁺、30mg As⁵⁺、50mg Cu²⁺和200mg Pb²⁺时,对稻田土反硝化细菌种群数量及其活性有促进作用,加入Cd²⁺、As⁵⁺、Cu²⁺和Pb²⁺分别超过1.0,60,500,400mg/kg干土时,对稻田土反硝化细菌种群数量及其活性有明显抑制作用.但反硝化细菌种群数量及其活性能逐渐恢复并接近对照水平,重金属污染越重,恢复所需的时间也越长.同一种重金属元素对不同水稻田土的反硝化细菌种群数量及其活性的影响也有差异.     

嗜酸硫氧化菌株的分离及其在污泥生物脱毒中的应用

以元素硫为底物,采用选择性液体培养基加富培养继以稀释平板法直接从污泥中分离出一株嗜酸硫氧化菌株SS-3.该菌株能将硫粉或硫代硫酸盐氧化成硫酸或硫酸盐,但不能氧化二价铁.序批式生物淋滤试验结果表明,接种该菌株并添加硫作为底物可有效加速污水污泥中重金属的溶出.经过15 d的生物淋滤,Cr,Cu,Zn的去除率可分别达到66.8%,95.4%,100%.      

香港汀角红树植物、沉积物及双壳类动物重金属含量

汀角有香港面积最大的硬底质红树林,作者调查了该红树林区沉积物、红树植物以及双壳类动物体内重金属(Cu、Pb、Zn和Ni)的含量.总体看,沉积物中重金属含量与其他地点相比较低,红树植物根际沉积物中重金属含量高于光滩.红树植物组织内重金属含量较低,体内Pb、Zn的含量均低于根际沉积物,但对Cu、Ni有一定的富集,Cu可在根部和叶内富集,而Ni只在根部富集,并束缚于此.双壳类动物对4种重金属的吸收存在较大差异,Zn、Cu的富集明显高于Pb和Ni的富集程度.5种动物中又以岩蠔最高,体内的Zn、Cu分别达到3913, 378mg/g.从重金属含量看,作为食用动物有一定的风险.     

淮河沉积物中重金属的测定和污染评价

采用X-射线荧光法分析了淮河沉积物中重金属的污染状况,并根据沉积学原理和环境化学行为特点,应用地积累指数法对淮河沉积物中重金属污染水平进行了评价研究.结果表明,淮河沉积物中有一定的重金属污染,其中Cu,Pb,Cr,Ni的污染水平较高.      

CHEMIFOG_V – A Model to Simulate Radiation Fogs and their Interaction with Vegetation and Chemistry

Radiation fog is an important modifier of atmosphericcompounds in the planetary boundary layer. In vegetated areas effects are especially pronounced due to the enlarged surface area. Besides affectingthe lower boundary of atmospheric models fog acts as amulti-phase reaction chamber leading to acid deposition. Here we present the 1-dimensional radiation fog modelCHEMIFOG_V to simulate regional radiation fogevents. The key feature of the fog model is thedetailed microphysics, where the aerosol/dropletspectrum is describedwith a joint 2-dimensional distribution, but also thedynamics, thermodynamics, and radiative transfer are calculated. Toinvestigate the interaction between fog and the biosphere amulti-layer vegetation module, including a soil module as well as a drydeposition module were coupled. Vegetation influences thedynamics, thermodynamics, and the radiation field of the lowestatmospheric layers. With CHEMIFOG_V, numerical case studieson dry and moist deposition processes on vegetation surfaces wereperformed. Hereby multi-phase chemistry and the processing of aerosolswere considered. The results show that the chemical composition of thedeposited fog droplets is mainly determined by the aerosol composition. Dry deposition fluxes are dependent on the incoming radiation and the leaves' surface conditions with respect to water coverage.Due to chemical aerosol processing and deposition, the aerosol spectrumis significantly modified in the planetary boundary layer.     

Stockhome: A Spreadsheet Model of Urban Heavy Metal Metabolism

Computer models for analysis,visualising and decision support in environmentalresearch have become increasingly popular. TheStockhome project, where the urban metabolism ofheavy metals in Stockholm was studied, resultedin a database with historical data of the use ofgoods containing cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr),copper (Cu), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni)and zinc (Zn). A spreadsheet model was developedto study flows and stocks of the metalconsumption process and emissions. The modelindicates uncertainties of the data, societalaspects such as field of use and rights ofdisposition of the goods. By considering goods asthe drivers of the emissions, the model would bewell suited for policy support.